Manfrotto support

Manfrotto Long Lens Camera Support (Black) 359       Overview   The Manfrotto 359 Long Lens Support is designed to provide extra support when using long telephoto lenses. By supporting the camera base with the legs of the tripod, this device provides better stabilization than having the lens collar mounted to the tripod alone.  Complete with Super Clamp and Mini Ball Head 482.  Replaces part number .  Adjustable Length is 15.7 to to 59.9cm).  Weight is 1.6 lb (725g).       All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Salon 230 809 Camera Stand Product Info Just slightly lighter in construction, the Salon 230 has a 8cm diameter black anodized aluminum column with a working height of 221cm provided with an adjust-able counter-balanced sliding horizontal 80cm crossarm. The camera support platform allows movement in a solid angle of 360'. Large sized wheels in the heavy cast base and single pedal control facilitate easy positioning and quick, rock steady locking. The crossarm support casting features a built-in accessory tray 33x28cm. Supplied complete with camera support platform and counter-balanced crossarm. Specifications for Manfrotto Bogen Salon 230 Camera Stand With Counter-Balanced Cross Arm 809: Arm Length: 31.50in Attachment: 3/8' screwattachment type Base Dimensions: W94 x D69cm - T-shape Color: blackcolor Height: 91.34in Load Capacity: 33.07lbs Load Capacity With Arm Extended Off-center: 28.66lbs Material: steel base + aluminum column Maximum Arm Reach: 18.50in Maximum Height: 87.01in Minimum Height: 22.44in Weight: 141.09lbs Package Contents: Manfrotto Salon 230 809 Camera Stand

Manfrotto Monopod Support (Black) 331       Overview   Fixed on the monopod, adds two points of support making it stable on any surface regardless of the inclination. Allows long exposures on automatic release. Comes complete with the Mini Ball Head 482. Attachment - 3/8” female for monopod. This replaces the Bogen Manfrotto .         All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Telephoto Lens Support       Overview   Support for medium telephoto lens. The length of the bracket is adjustable to take different length lenses and different diameters by tilting the Tilt Head 234RC (included). Length from head to lens support adjustable from 200 to 295mm. Attachments: four 3/8'' female and three 1/4'' female.     Specifications   Attaches By:  3/8" female thread attachment type Attachment (Top):  1/4" female thread attachment type Built-In Head:  yes Color:  black color Front Tilt:  -° tilt range Independent Tilt Lock:  yes Material:  aluminum Maximum Extension:  29.5 Minimum Extension:  20 Secondary Safety System:  yes Load Capacity:  5.51 lbs Weight:  1.54 lbs          All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Apron Support (Black) 166       Overview   The Manfrotto 166 Tripod Utility Apron attaches to the tripod legs and allows for some storage space beneath the center column. It can also be used to hold a sandbag or stones to lower the center of gravity of your camera/tripod/tripod head combination and add some stability. Leather belt attachments adjust to most tripod leg diameters.  Replaces part number .  Weight:     8 oz (250g)       All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Monopod Belt Pouch (Black) 080       Overview   The Manfrotto 080 Monopod Belt Pouch is designed to offer support for a monopod. Worn on a belt, this pouch adds stability and offers support for the base of a monopod, at less than full length. Compatible with all monopods.  Replaces old part number .         All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Shoulder Brace for Monopod (Black) 361       Overview   The Manfrotto 361 Shoulder Brace for Monopods is a bracket that fits against the shoulder to provide extra support and greater stability to a monopod. One end connects to the top of the monopod via the monopod's 3/8" screw, and the other end features a curved shoulder support, with an adjustable pivoting arm in between.         All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Salon       Overview   Just slightly lighter in construction, the Salon 230 has a 8cm diameter black anodised aluminium column with a working height of 221cm provided with an adjust-able counter-balanced sliding horizontal 80cm crossarm. The camera support platform allows movement in a solid angle of 360°. Large sized wheels in the heavy cast base and single pedal control facilitate easy positioning and quick, rock steady locking. The crossarm support casting features a built-in accessory tray 33x28cm. Supplied complete with camera support platform and counter-balanced crossarm.     Specifications   arm length:  80.0 cm attaches by:  3/8'' screw attachment type base dimensions:  W94 x D69cm - T-shape colour:  black color height:  cm load capacity with arm extended off-centre:  13.0 kg material:  steel base + aluminum column maximum arm reach:  47.0 cm load capacity:  15 kg maximum height:  cm minimum height:  57.0 cm weight:  64 kg    All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Macro Bracket Support 330B       Overview   Allows two flash heads to be mounted with a camera onto a tripod head. Attachments: '' female threads & 1/4'' camera fixing screw.     Specifications   Attaches By:  1/4" female thread attachment type Attachment (Top):  3/8" female thread attachment type Color:  black color Material:  aluminum Load Capacity:  2.2 lbs Weight:  0.77 lbs          All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Sliding Plate (Black) 357PLV       Overview   The Manfrotto 357PLV is a quick release plate for video fluid heads. This plate comes with ( and ( camera fixing screws. This device is a replacement QR plate for and video heads, QR adapter, lens support and 557B monopod. It fits Manfrotto's RC3 quick-release system.  It replaces part number .  For and 557B.  Fits Manfrotto RC3 Quick-Release System.         All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto 525MVB Tripod with 503 Head (excludes pan handle) and the original Manfrotto Carrying Bag is included. Great condition. Used on a feature film. The Manfrotto 525MVB is a portable 3-section tripod, designed to hold lightweight cameras and camcorders that weigh around 15 kg. The Manfrotto 525MVB 3-section tripod can be extended by up to 156 cm, allowing you to position your camera according to your requirements to take a range of shots. The Manfrotto 503 Head is designed to support the latest Video Cameras. Particular care has been taken to produce the smoothest pan and tilt with customisable fluid drag control.

Manfrotto Small Hydrostatic Arm       Overview   This arm spans 22 cm and can support up to 2,2 Kg. The is the ideal companion for attaching a video monitor to a camera or using as a fl ag support. Like the , the pivoting pins are 1/4'' and 3/8'' threaded with one side offering a platform to provide a larger footprint for the equipment being supported by the arm.     Specifications   attaches by:  adjustable 1/4" screw attachment type attachment (top):  3/8" screw attachment type closed length:  13.0 cm colour:  black background Color material:  aluminum maximum length:  19.5 cm load capacity:  2.2 g weight:  0.22 kg          All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Compact Photo-Movie Monopod (Grey) MMC3-01       Overview   The Compact Monopod is the ideal support for travelling - suitable for both Photo and Movie recording. Usable in any situation - particularly when space is limited amongst a crowd of people - it eliminates shaking from your videos and helps you support your equipment for long periods of time so you can relax. The 5 section legs provide maximum compactness and transportability. Additionally, an adjustable wrist strap guarantees safety and comfort.     Specifications   Closed length - 39.0 cm Colour - grey color Leg sections - 5 number Load capacity - 1.5 kg Material - aluminum Maximum height - cm Minimum height - 39.0 cm Weight - 0.29 kg     All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Compact Photo-Movie Monopod (Black) MMC3-01       Overview   The Compact Monopod is the ideal support for travelling - suitable for both Photo and Movie recording. Usable in any situation - particularly when space is limited amongst a crowd of people - it eliminates shaking from your videos and helps you support your equipment for long periods of time so you can relax. The 5 section legs provide maximum compactness and transportability. Additionally, an adjustable wrist strap guarantees safety and comfort.     Specifications   Closed length - 39.0 cm Colour - black color Leg sections - 5 number Load capacity - 1.5 kg Material - aluminum Maximum height - cm Minimum height - 39.0 cm Weight - 0.29 kg     All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Mini Salon       Overview   Designed for 35mm and medium format cameras, the Mini Salon 190 allows working heights from 56cm to 182cm. Counter-balanced column is black anodised aluminium and is mounted on a heavy cast iron base with two pivoting wheels which lock firmly into place with individual wheel locks. Features smooth operating counter balanced horizontal gear driven crossarm, supplied complete with camera support platform. The crossarm support casting features a built-in accessory tray 20x28cm.     Specifications   Arm length:  80.0 cm attaches by:  3/8'' screw attachment type base dimensions:  W85 x D54cm - T-shape colour:  black color height:  cm load capacity with arm extended off-centre:  5.0 kg material:  steel base + aluminum column maximum arm reach:  59.0 cm load capacity:  10 kg maximum height:  cm minimum height:  56.0 cm weight:  34 kg   All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto 3D Junior Head (Black) 056       Overview   Separately locked movements on three axes make the Manfrotto -D Junior Head perfect for 35mm cameras, and the conical self-adjusting bearing surfaces on the tilt pivots provide more than enough strength to support medium format cameras. The thumb screw movement-locks used for this head keep it compact and light-weight, and won't poke you in the eye like conventional handles sometimes do. All pan heads fit any Bogen/Manfrotto tripod, or any tripod with a 3/8" thread. Replaces old item code #.     Specifications   Maximum Camera Supported:     35mm SLR Load Capacity:     6.6 lbs (3kg) Height:     4" (10cm) Quick Release:     No Spirit Level:     No Tension Control:     No Tripod Mount Thread Size:     Weight:     1.1 lb (0.5kg)         All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Pro Fluid Video Head 526 Product Info The 526 Professional Fluid Video Head directly addresses the heavy-duty, high-end ENG and EFP video market by offering a feature-packed fluid video head that borrows all the combined benefits of our 500 series heads with the ability to support top weight loads over 15lbs. The 526 features a replaceable and removable pan arm rosette so if any damage occurs to the side castings, only a small part needs to be replaced; large rubber padded knobs for better grip and all the controls (tilt and pan lock, tilt drag) are located on the left side so they can be easily found. The 526 offers our most precise fluid drag system comprised of three step settings for low, medium and high drag levels (numbered 1, 2 and 3), plus the additional no-drag setting (number 0) for such occasions as snap-pans/tilts. Counterbalance is achieved through an adjustable spring for camera weights between 17.5 and 33 lbs. The built-in 4-inch half-ball adapts to a number of our tripods with a 4-inch receiver, allowing the quick leveling of the camera with the aid of the bright leveling bubble. The 526 comes with one pan arm and the long 357PLV plate. Specifications: additional pan handle 519LV attaches by. 1/4" and 3/8" screws attachment type attachment 3/8'' screw attachment type balance control one fix spring adjustable from 8 to 15kg bubble spirit level (no.) 1 number Center Of Gravity 125 mm Color black color counterbalance yes Counterbalanced Weight 15.0 kg front tilt -' tilt range head bowl 100mm independent pan lock yes independent tilt lock yes material aluminum maximum working temperature 60.0 'C minimum working temperature -20.0 'C pan bar positions 2 number pan bars included (no.) 1 number pan drag 0 plus 3 step panoramic rotation 360 ' plate type 357PLV quick release yes Safety Payload Weight 16.0 kg secondary safety system yes sliding travel of plate 80.0 mm tilt drag 0 plus 3 step variable balance control yes weight 3.6 kg working height 15.0 cm Package Contents: Manfrotto Pro Fluid Video Head 526

Manfrotto 293 Aluminum Kit, Tripod 3 Sections With 3 Way Head QR Product Info The MK293A3-A3RC1 is the intermediate 3 section kit fitted with the detachable aluminium 3-way head. It is the best solution for lightweight and precision. The ergonomic controls are designed for a safer and more enjoyable experience and they ensure maximum precision. The anti-shock collar protects your camera from accidental impact, whilst the 3 faced design column prevents rotation to allow for increased accuracy and steadfastness. The leg locks provide a rock-solid support and with their innovative adjustability they provide a consistent and excellent performance. Specifications: Closed length 63.4 cm Leg cross section D shape Leg sections 3 number Legs tube diameter mm Maximum height cm Maximum height (with centre column down) cm Minimum height 44.4 cm Safety payload 4 kg Weight 1.9 kg Package Contents: Manfrotto 293 Aluminum Kit, Tripod 3 Sections With 3 Way Head QR

Manfrotto Super Pro Tripod (Black) 161MK2B       Overview   The tallest tripod in the range. Capable of providing a stable platform for cameras up to 20kg at a maximum height of 2.67m! (On the other hand this giant is also capable of a minimum height of 44cm!). The geared centre column is self-locking. The legs are braced using telescopic struts for maximum rigidity and the ability to have individually adjustable and lockable angles. Rubber feet with retractable spiked feet and level are standard equipment. Ideal for all large format cameras. Diameter legs in mm: . Same as 161MK2 but black.     Specifications attaches by:  3/8'' screw attachment type 3/8'' screw attachment type bubble spirit level (no.):  1 number centre column:  geared geared closed length:  cm in colour:  black color leg cross section:  round leg sections:  3 number legs tube diameter:  mm  load capacity:  20 kg material:  aluminum maximum height:  cm maximum height (with centre column down):  cm minimum height:  44.0 cm suggested dolly:  B weight:  7.95 kg     Features Anti-rotation leg sections Anti-rotation tubing and leg collars make for a tripod (or monopod) that's easier and faster to open, position and close. Manfrotto uses several different types of anti-rotation system: on Magfiber and Digi series tripods, the elliptical or three-faceted shape of the concentric tubes means they cannot rotate, while on round-tubed tripods small protrusions down the length of the tube keep sections perfectly aligned   Retractable spiked feet Retractable spiked feet mean you can use this both outdoors (with the spike extended for better grip on soft terrain, moss, plants, etc) and indoors on delicate floor surfaces (with the rubber foot covering the spike to avoid damage and give more stable non-slip support)   Sturdy all-metal construction Sturdy all-metal construction   Digi single hinge crown design The DIGI design uses a single-sided pivot between the tripod leg and the shoulder casting to keep the tripod's cross section even more compact and to reduce overall weight.   Geared centre column Geared centre column allows safe, precise height adjustment even under heavy loads           All prices are subject to change without notice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Sliding Plate Adapter (Black) 577       Overview   The Manfrotto 577gives you the freedom to remove the camera from the head without detaching it from the plate and put it on any other support. Compatible with the 501PL (old PL) camera plate (supplied with the , and heads) and the special 501PLONG accessory plate.     Features   mm) of sliding travel within plate to optimally balance gear  Female threadings on bottom  Plate has mounting screws, in addition to anti-twist video register pin  2-Stage quick release system        Specifications   Weight:     9.9 oz (280g) Attachment Size:     1/4" and 3/8" screws attachment type Bottom: 3/8" female thread attachment type Attachment 2: 1/4" female thread attachment type Color:     Black Material:     Aluminum Plate:     501PL Sliding travel of plate: mm) Quick Release:     Yes Backup:     Secondary safety system Weight:     0.62 lb (0.28 kg)         All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Midi Ball Head with RC2 System (Black) 498RC2       Overview   The Manfrotto 498RC2 Compact Ball Head with RC2 Quick Release and 200PL-14 QR Plate is constructed of die-cast aluminum, strong enough to support an SLR camera with a medium lens, and light medium format cameras. It has a single repositionable locking lever for 360° panoramic rotation and ±90° tilt movements, plus a friction control for precise positioning. Cameras are attached to the ball head with the 200PL-14 Plate and RC2 Quick Release with 1/4'' male threads. The head to tripod attachment has 3/8'' female threads. Additionally, the Quick Release has a safety system to prevent an accidental detaching from the head.     Features   lb (8 kg) Load Capacity Die Cast Aluminum mm) Tall Lightweight 1.34 lb (0.61 kg)       Specifications   Load Capacity:  lb (8 kg) Ball Sphere Diameter:  Not Specified by Manufacturer Quick Release:  RC2 Spirit Level:  No Tension Control:  Yes Rotating Head:  360° Tripod Mount Thread Size:  3/8" female thread (bottom) 1/4" screw (attachment) Plate:  200PL-14 Height:  mm) Tilt:  Lateral: ±90° Weight:  1.34 lb (0.61 kg)     All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Midi Ball Head with RC4 System (Black) 498RC4       Overview   The Manfrotto 498RC4 Compact Ball Head with RC4 Quick Release and 410PL QR Plate is constructed of die-cast aluminum, strong enough to support an SLR camera with a medium lens, and light medium format cameras. It has a single repositionable locking lever for 360° panoramic rotation and ±90° tilt movement, plus a friction control for precise positioning. Cameras are attached to the ball head with the 410PL Plate and RC4 Quick Release with 1/4'' male threads. The head to tripod attachment has 3/8'' female threads. Additionally, the Quick Release has a safety system to prevent an accidental detaching from the head.     Features   lb (8 kg) Load Capacity Die Cast Aluminum mm) Tall Lightweight 1.54 lb (.69 kg)       Specifications   Load Capacity:     lb (8 kg) Quick Release:     RC4 Spirit Level:     Yes Tension Control:     Yes Rotating Head:     360° Tripod Mount Thread Size:     3/8" female thread (bottom); 1/4" screw (attachment) Plate:     410PL Height:     mm) Tilt:     Lateral: ±90° Weight:     1.54 lb (.69 kg)       All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Compact Ball Head with RC2 System (Black) 496RC2       Overview   The Manfrotto 496RC2 Compact Ball Head RC2 Quick Release with 200PL-14 Quick Release Plate is constructed of die-cast aluminum, strong enough to support SLR or DSLR cameras with a medium lens, and light medium format cameras. It has a single repositionable locking lever for 360° panoramic rotation, ±90° tilt movement, plus a friction control for precise positioning. Cameras are attached to the ball head with the 200PL-14 Plate with 1/4'' male threads. The head to tripod attachment has 3/8'' female threads. Additionally, the Quick Release has a safety system to prevent an accidental detaching from the head.     Features   lb (6.0 kg) Load Capacity Die Cast Aluminum mm) Tall Lightweight 0,93 lb (0.42 kg)       Specifications   Load Capacity:     lb (6.0 kg) Quick Release:     RC2 Spirit Level:     No Tension Control:    Yes Rotating Head:    360° Tripod Mount Thread Size:    3/8" female thread Plate:    200PL-14 Height:    mm) Tilt:    Lateral: ±90° Weight:    0,93 lb (0.42 kg)       All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Long Lens Monopod Bracket (Black) 393       Overview   The most economical option among Gimbal heads, the Manfrotto 393 Heavy Duty Telephoto Lens Support puts the tilt axis (up/down) in line with the midpoint of the lens' weight. This makes movement with a large telephoto lens easy enough to be done with one finger. Point the rig where you want, let go and it stays where you left it. Height of the lens is adjustable and there is a built-in pan base. The built-in 357 quick release assembly allows fore/aft movement within the mount for perfect weight distribution. The 357PL quick release plate includes two screws (many large tripod collared lenses have two sockets in their collars) and one screw. The 393 is appropriate for all telephoto lenses with a tripod collar. Replaces old part number .     Specifications   With RC3 Quick Release Tripod Attachment:     3/8" thread Weight:     3.5 lbs (1.6kg)               All prices are subject to change without n otice. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Leveling Base (Black) 338       Overview   The Manfrotto 338 QTVR Leveling Base allows you to make fine, finger tip adjustments of ÿ±5° to ensure the camera is perfectly level. There is a built-in spirit level for reference, and the base has a 3/8" female thread to mount on a tripod or any other support. The camera head mounting is via a 3/8" male screw. It features a spirit level with a sensitivity of 0.50°, three thumb rings for fine level adjustment, and three grub screws located on the top plate of the base that allow you to lock down the camera head firmly. The 338 QTVR Leveling Base is ideal for use with stitching and VR programs. It allows you to work more easily with photo stitching software programs, to create seamless panoramic photos every time.  Replaces old part number .     Specifications   Load Capacity:     33 lbs (15kg) Height:     1.6" (4cm) Weight:     1.3 lb (600g)       All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Nanopole Stand is a new lightweight stand, with a payload of 1,5Kg and outstanding stability. Its a two-in-one product: the central column is detachable and easily turns into a hand held boom. To detach the pole from the stand its easy and fast: simply press the button with the logo and detach the pole. Manfrotto Nanopole Stand is suitable to a great variety of situations and provides exciting new possibilities to the photographer. It is provided with a hook for sandbag and a levelling leg that allows its use also on uneven surfaces. It is the ideal lighting support for use on location or in studio. Technical Specifications: Maximum Payload 1.5 Kg [3.3 lbs.]Max/min height 190 cm / 49 cm [74.8 / 19.3 in]Closed size 49 cm [19.3 in]Number of risers 4Material Aluminum Footprint 100 cm [39.3 in]Weight 1 Kg [2.2 lbs.]Attachment 16 mm (5/8) male top stud with 3/8 or 1/4 threadLevelling leg Yes Detachable pole Yes Hook for sandbag Yes Color Black and anodized red 2 years plus 3 years after registration on website

Manfrotto 234RC Monopod Quick Release Tilt Top Manfrotto monopod heads are the best option to ensure your monopod has more flexibility, velocity and stability. Monopod heads increases tilt movement, allowing a camera on a monopod to be moved in a vertical direction more easily- keeping the monopod vertical and so more stable. At the same time monopod heads allow the camera to be turned 90° to provide either vertical or horizontal shooting. This additional movement gives more versatility to monopod users providing the best support in all situations where space is limited and they need to hold the weight of their equipment. The 234RC is as the 234 but with a quick release camera plate system and secondary safety lock. This tilt head allows a camera on a monopod to be turned 90° to provide either vertical or horizontal format. Head height: 6cm Weight: 0.3kg Maximum load: 2.5kg Included plate: 200PL-14 Suggested tripods: all monopods

Manfrotto Mini Hydrostatic Arm       Overview   The shortest arm at 16,5 cm is also the most powerful. The pivoting pin is threaded with 1/4'' and 3/8'' studs so it can be attached to the top of a video camera to support a small monitor or other video accessory with an exceptional load of 3,5 Kg.     Specifications   attaches by:  adjustable 1/4" screw attachment type attachment (top):  3/8" screw attachment type closed length:  10.3 cm colour:  black background Color material: aluminum maximum length:  14.5 cm load capacity:  3.5 g weight:  0.21 kg          All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Column Clamp 349       Overview   Versatile clamp designed to work in conjunction with removable tripod columns of between 25 to 28mm diameter such as the 055 and 190 series tripods. The Column Clamp can be securely fixed to solid surfaces or bars up to 55 mm width. The column with head is inserted into the clamp and locked in position at the required height. The ideal accessory for nature photography or support for binoculars and scopes.     Specifications   clamp range - max. (round tube):  55.0 mm colour:  black color material:  aluminum weight:  kg          All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.

Manfrotto Medium Hydrostatic Arm 823       Overview   This is the first arm that features 5/8” and 1/4” pins to support larger and heavier items. One of the two pins is hex shaped to merry perfectly with our superclamp. With a total length of 23,5 cm, the 823 is ideal to position lighting fixtures or cameras virtually anywhere. To ensure that all three feet make contact with the ground on any terrain.     Specifications   attaches by:  1/4" female thread attachment type attachment (top):  5/8" male attachment type closed length:  14.4 colour:  black color material:  aluminum maximum length:  23.5 cm load capacity:  4 kg weight:  0.55 kg          All prices are subject to change without notic e. All prices are subject to exchange rate fluctuation.