Communist military

1985. Large hard cover. 192 pages. Very good condition.  Over 1kg. Hostility between the West and the communist world is such an accepted part of modern life that it is all too easy to forget that in 1939 the Soviet Union was the world's only communist state and that the Soviet Union was then seemingly riven by purges and economic troubles and threatened abroad by the ravening power of Nazi Germany. Today the Soviet Union is master of the eastern half of Europe; China, the world's most populous country, is also communist and there are communist or single-party socialist states in central America, Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. The rise of communism began with the victories of the Red Army in World War II and the establishment of "people's democracies" in eastern Europe which quickly followed. The success of the Chinese communists in 1948 confirmed in many Western eyes the existence of a worldwide communist conspiracy, setting the stage for the Cold War confrontations of the fifties. The Korean War was fought to halt the expansion of this communist monolith, but there were soon signs of disharmony within the communist bloc as was seen in the growing independence of Yugoslavia and the Chinese-Soviet split. Such Dissent continues to the present day as persistent Sino-Soviet disputes and the efforts of Solidarity in Poland show. The Vietnam War, the Cuban intervention in Angola and the invasion of Afghanistan are examples of communist initiatives of the sixties and more recent times but in the same period Soviet missiles have been kept out of Cuba, a socialist government in Chile has been overthrown and Egypt has been weaned away from being a Soviet client.  

 We present to your attention a lot of 8 old military uniform buttons. They are from the epoch of communism. 6 of them have a five-pole, one anchor (of the navy) and two are with geometric motifs. Button diameter 18-22 mm, thickness about 7 mm Can be used for extravagant clothing or for collection.

      Military vintage army surplus canteen flask water bottle vintage soldier canteen military surplus tin water bottle. The canteen metal water bottle comes belt hook and with its red-brown wool cover.  Manufactured during the Cold war communist era for Soviet army and its Soviet allies from the Warsaw pact. Military standards. Made for army purpose. Great vintage condition.

          Military vintage army surplus canteen flask water bottle vintage soldier canteen military surplus tin water bottle. The canteen metal water bottle comes as is shown on the photos.  Manufactured during the Cold war communist era for Bulgarian army and its Soviet allies from the Warsaw pact. Military standards. Made for army purpose. Great vintage condition.

US Army, Vietnam War, Veterans Day, Honor, Military, Duty, Courage, Souvenir Edition Technical Specs Presentation Country:   Metal Purity:     Box:   Year of Issue:   Weight:   1 oz CoA:   Face Value:   Dimensions:   40     Quality:       Mintage:     New token with capsule The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946¿54) and was fought between North Vietnam¿supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies¿and the government of South Vietnam¿supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies.[46] The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. ____________________________________________________  Feel free to e-mail me with any questions.

US Army, The Vietnam War, Battle, Honor, Military, Navy, Duty, Courage, Souvenir Edition Technical Specs Presentation Country:   Metal Purity:     Box:   Year of Issue:   Weight:   1 oz CoA:   Face Value:   Dimensions:   40     Quality:       Mintage:     New token with capsule The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946¿54) and was fought between North Vietnam¿supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies¿and the government of South Vietnam¿supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies. The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. ____________________________________________________  Feel free to e-mail me with any questions.

US Army, Vietnam War, Memorial, M16, Honor, Military, Duty, Courage, Souvenir Edition Technical Specs Presentation Country:   Metal Purity:     Box:   Year of Issue:   Weight:   1 oz CoA:   Face Value:   Dimensions:   40     Quality:       Mintage:     New token with capsule The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946¿54) and was fought between North Vietnam¿supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies¿and the government of South Vietnam¿supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies.[46] The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. ____________________________________________________  Feel free to e-mail me with any questions.

US Army, Vietnam War, Soldier, M16, Honor, Military, Duty, Courage, Souvenir Edition Technical Specs Presentation Country:   Metal Purity:     Box:   Year of Issue:   Weight:   1 oz CoA:   Face Value:   Dimensions:   40     Quality:       Mintage:     New token with capsule The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946¿54) and was fought between North Vietnam¿supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies¿and the government of South Vietnam¿supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies.[46] The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. ____________________________________________________  Feel free to e-mail me with any questions.

US Army, Vietnam War, Love Soldier, Honor, Military, Duty, Courage, Souvenir Edition Technical Specs Presentation Country:   Metal Purity:     Box:   Year of Issue:   Weight:   CoA:   Face Value:   Dimensions:       Quality:       Mintage:     The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946¿54) and was fought between North Vietnam¿supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies¿and the government of South Vietnam¿supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies.[46] The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. ____________________________________________________  Feel free to e-mail me with any questions.

US Army, Vietnam War, Tank, Helicopter, Honor, Military, Duty, Courage, Souvenir Edition Technical Specs Presentation Country:   Metal Purity:     Box:   Year of Issue:   Weight:   1 oz CoA:   Face Value:   Dimensions:   40     Quality:       Mintage:     New token with capsule The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946¿54) and was fought between North Vietnam¿supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies¿and the government of South Vietnam¿supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies.[46] The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. ____________________________________________________  Feel free to e-mail me with any questions.

     Vintage Military Canvas Bag with adjustable strap  over shoulder. Other strap over waist. Hard cardboard bottom, two metal clasps on cover. Never used bag - from military storage. Great gift for your beloved. Size - 32x25x10 cm The strap is 110 cm long Two pockets without cover inside It will be send with Priority mail and Tracking number on next day after payment.

From the outset, the export of revolution and Communist ideology had been one of the cornerstones of Soviet Russia's (and later the Soviet Union's) foreign policy and by the mid-1950's the export of Soviet arms expanded into Africa with Algeria being amongst the first African countries to receive Soviet combat aircraft. By the 1960's and 1970's, a large number of African states had gained independence and the Soviet Union increased supply. This situation persisted until the early 1990's when most of the former Soviet allies shed socialism and switched allegiance to the West. Having often been flown by foreign volunteer or mercenary pilots such as the Cubans in Angola and South Africans in Sierra Leone, Soviet/Russian military aircraft can now be seen in countries as varied as Algeria, Libya, the Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, and Sudan. Combat types from the MiG-15 to the latest Su-30MK fighters, Su-24MK tactical bombers, Su-25 attack aircraft, Mi-24/25/35 helicopters and transports from the Antonov An-12 to the Il yushin Il-76 can all be seen across Africa. Arranged by country and using previously classified sources, Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft in Africa includes comprehensive fleet lists of all known Soviet/Russian military aircraft together with their Chinese derivatives. Highly illustrated with contemporary photographs, air force insignia and colour profiles this book forms an invaluable reference for modellers, enthusiasts and aviation historians alike.  HARDCOVER, 272 pages with over 300 photographs and 100 colour profiles.  Published April 2013 The title is imported on demand and a waiting period might apply.

PLEASE READ BEFORE BID !  USSR Russia, Soviet Order of the Victory / Pobeda replica Material: pewter, zirkons, enameled, gold plated Size: 80mm, mount 28mm Weight: 66gram Black velvet gift box size: 90x90x38mm / FREE Condition: new Bulk orders - please ask for full coins/bars/bills catalog Please see my other items and you will find something special   The  Order of Victory  (Russian:  Orden "Pobeda") was the highest  military decoration  awarded for  World War II  service in the  Soviet Union, and one of the rarest orders in the world. The order was awarded only to Generals and Marshals for successfully conducting combat operations involving one or more army groups and resulting in a "successful operation within the framework of one or several fronts resulting in a radical change of the situation in favor of the  Red Army." 20 recipients of this order was in the history only. Each single piece of original costs millions of dollars.  

* ORIGINAL*  KOREAN WAR:  U.S.  SOLDIER'S PERSONAL EFFECTS (179th INFANTRY REGIMENT).   THIS LOT CONSISTS OF THE PERSONAL EFFECTS OF A MR.  CLAYTON E. WALLER,  OF OKLAHOMA  IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.   MR. WALLER WAS A MEMBER OF THE 179th INFANTRY REGIMENT OF THE U.S. NATIONAL GUARD - HAVING SEEN EXTENSIVE ACTION DURING THE KOREAN WAR (1950 - 1953).  THE 179th , OR OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE   "TOMAHAWKS " WERE INVOLVED IN NUMEROUS OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST NORTH KOREAN & CHINESE COMMUNIST FORCES.   THE 179th INFANTRY REGIMENT  (In Omnia Paratus) ENGAGED IN THE FOLLOWING CAMPAIGNS DURING THE KOREAN WAR:   SECOND KOREAN WINTER KOREA, SUMMER - FALL 1952 THIRD KOREAN WINTER KOREA, SUMMER 1953.   MR.  CLAYTON E. WALLER WAS A RECIPIENT OF THE FOLLOWING AWARDS: KOREAN SERVICE MEDAL w/   STAR DEVICE FOR ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN:   THE FIRST U.N.  COUNTER OFFENSIVE (25 JAN. - 21 APR. 1951) THE KOREAN DEFENCE,  SUMMER-FALL (1 MAY - 30 NOV. 1952) KOREA, SUMMER (1 MAY - 27 JUL. 1953)   THE UNITED NATIONS (U.N.) MEDAL.     THE LOT CONTAINS:   A PAIR OF MILITARY ID "DOG TAGS" PROVIDING THE FOLLOWING: NAME, NATIONAL GUARD FORCE NUMBER, T50 (YEAR OF TETANUS SHOT), BLOOD GROUP AS   'B'  & NO RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE.   KSM RIBBON BAR WITH CAMPAIGN STAR DEVICE. 2 x UN KOREA MEDAL RIBBON BARS. 2 x 179th INFANTRY EPAULETTE BADGES. 6 x U.S. ARMY  COLLAR BADGES.   A RARE & MUCH SOUGHT AFTER COLLECTION OF GENUINE PERSONAL EFFECTS BELONGING TO A MEMBER OF THE U.S. ARMED FORCES WHO ACTIVELY ENGAGED THE COMMUNIST FORCES DURING THE CONFLICT ON THE KOREAN PENINSULA.  AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE DISCERNING COLLECTOR TO OBTAIN A CRUCIAL PIECE OF MILITARY HISTORY THAT HAS SHAPED PAST AND CURRENT WORLD EVENTS.     FOREIGN BIDDERS TO PAY USING BOB BUCKS - QUOTED SHIPPING  NO COLLECTIONS PAYMENT IN 7 DAYS OR SNC SEE SHIPPING OPTIONS.      

  This is a fascinating book that covers the military career of General Jannie Geldenhuys, including his role in military operations against SWAPO, MAPLA and the Cubans during the "Border War" in Angola. This book reveals how Castro tried to dress up political, economic and military failures in Angola as glorious triumphs. He provides actual numbers and details of the myth of Cuito Cuanavales and how the Marxist forces were defeated there. The author takes you through the dynamics and strategies that defeated the Communist forces trying to establish a totalitarian regime in Angola and Namibia. The South Africans, with inferior forces, were able to achieve almost every military objective, producing some ingenious strategies and causing a high rate of casualties to a numerically superior enemy. They didn't lose the military battles but lost the political one. Cuito Cuanavales was the last part of a series of battles that started as the South Africans, like many times before, stopped and defeated the last big Cuban/Fapla/Russians offensive against UNITA main bases, obliterating the FAPLA's offensive of 1987. The South Africans had the MAPLA and their Cubans advisers on the run. They were picking them apart at will, but they stopped because of a series of events, like the UNITA false alarm about the possibility of incoming Cuban MIGs and the rotation of the South African troops after the end of their military service cycle, etc. This gave the retreating MAPLA enough time to cross the river and dig in to fight for their lives, and stop the South Africans from annihilating them. All the MAPLA/Cubans did at Cuito was create an immense mine zone and defend it, to stop the South Africans from destroying the remaining troops. When one looks back and counts the number of casualties the South Africans inflicted on them before they crossed the river, you can see that the MAPLA/CUBANS suffered major casualties vs. the light number of casualties suffered by the South Africans. Then one can ask: who won the battle when one side lost thousands of soldiers just before they dug in? Cuito Cuanavales wasn't a typical clear cut defeat like the South Africans were used to inflicting on the FAPLA/Cubans because they didn't finish them, but it wasn't a Cuban victory like Castro put it. This gave Castro the opportunity to claim a "victory" that wasn't there via his propaganda machine and use it to leave Angola for good without being seen by those that weren't in the battle field as a defeated army. For the Marxist-Communist regimes, perceptions are more important than facts and no matter what the Cuban propaganda says, the facts are that FLAPA-Cubans suffered many humiliating losses at the hands of the numerically outnumbered South African army.   Hardcover:  328 pages Publisher:  Jonathan Ball; 1st Edition edition (1995) Language:  English

AFRICA@WAR SERIES: VOLUME 26 The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale: Cold War Angolan Finale, 1987-1988 In the broad history of the Cold War, the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was the climax of a far-off, but nonetheless important African war. It was waged between the apartheid South African Defence Force (SADF) and the armed forces of the communist MPLA government in Angola and the Peoples Republic of Cuba. Led by Soviet generals, the MPLA embarked on a grand offensive in order to knock out the pro-Western rebel movement UNITA in southeastern Angola. As UNITAs survival was crucial to South Africas military strategy in fighting its own counter-insurgency war against the South West African rebel movement SWAPO, the SADF stepped in with a single mechanised brigade and broke the back of the overwhelming MPLA offensive. The MPLA forces were subsequently driven back over a hundred kilometres, before the SADF advance was finally stopped just short of the town of Cuito Cuanavale. Since then, a hot war of words have been waged about who actually won. In this book, a South African military historian and retired journalist examines the campaign, the adversaries, and their achievements on the basis of his research in SADF archives. His scrupulous attempt at objectivity results in interesting conclusions. While the MPLA lost hands down, he posits a draw between the Cubans and the SADF. Although having been a South African reservist officer himself, he has critical words for the SADF leadership. Many misunderstandings, some of which were purposefully created by Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, are put to rest. While not sharing Castros political beliefs, he acknowledges Castros military acumen and political savvy in extricating his country from an unwinnable war while smelling of roses. The analysis contains many lessons about mechanised warfare in the African context from which both laymen and military professionals alike may learb. Paperback, 64 pages.  This title is imported on demand and dispatched within 15 working days depending on supplier.

MANDELA 100 - VERY SCARCE OFFICIAL PHILATELIC SERVICES TRIBUTE TO MANDELA BOOK Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition. Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.

MANDELA 100 - 100 x SOUGHT-AFTER MANDELA 90TH BIRTHDAY FDCs 7.130 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition. Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.

MANDELA 100 - HISTORICAL MANDELA AND FW DE KLERK HONOURED AS NOBEL LAUREATES Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition. Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.

MANDELA 100 - MEMORABLE MANDELA INAUGURATION FDC 6.3b INCL PORTRAIT ON 45c STAMP Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition. Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.

MANDELA 100 - SOUGHT-AFTER MANDELA 90TH BIRTHDAY FDC 7.130 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition. Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.

MANDELA 100 ¿ RARE LIMITED-EDITION COVER (7 ONLY) CANCELLED AT HOUGHTON ON MADIBA CENTENARY   Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition.   Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.

MANDELA 100 ¿ RARE LIMITED-EDITION COVER CANCELLED AT HOUGTHON ON MADIBA'S DEATH   Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as "the father of the nation". The cover is in clean condition.   Sent by registered / parcel post (free for orders over R250). Feel free to combine with any other items.