Africans history

Subtitle: Studies in Ethnological Show Business Author: Bernth Lindfors Publisher:  Indiana University Press () ISBN-10: ISBN-13: Condition: Very Good Binding: Softcover Pages: 302 Dimensions: 25.3 x 17.7 x 1.8 cm +++ by Bernth Lindfors +++ Ethnological show business - that is, the displaying of foreign peoples for commercial and/or educational purposes - has a very long history. In the 19th and 20th centuries some of the most interesting individuals and groups exhibited in Europe and America came from Africa, or were said to come from Africa. Africans on Stage is about the show people, managers and impresarios, and the audiences who came to gape. It also examines how this phenomenon helped to shape Western perceptions of Africans.   A passion for books and a passion for collecting fine editions was the recipe that created the successful group of bookshops in Johannesburg called Bookdealers. The group started thirty years ago with one store in the quirky suburb of Yeoville and has grown through the years to a total of five shops, plus our online sales. Bookdealers is well-known for its collectable and used books. We also have a large variety of remaindered books sourced from around the world.  If you collect from one of our five branches there is no delivery charge. We also offer postal delivery (when available) and courier delivery, subject to a quote.

 SOUTH AFRICA IN WORLD WAR 11 ; A Pictorial History; Editor; JOHN KEENE;       Hardcover; Human & Rousseau ; 1995;    ISBN 0 7981 3388 0 ; No. of Pages; 208  For more information on John Keene see; http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol153jk.html Note Chapter on The South African Naval Forces at War  and also; South Africans on Foreign service including South Africans in the Royal Air Force. Condition; very good NOTE a tear of 2.5 cm on the dust jacket top back on the spine, no inscriptions, very clean, no browning of the paper. For posatge via SA Post Office and within SA  please add R60.00  alternatively via POSTNET to Postnet for a parcel of up to 5kg (addit. books maybe included) then please add R105.00.Buyers from outside of SA can contact me for a postal quote.    

 SOUTH AFRICA IN WORLD WAR 11 ; A Pictorial History; Editor; JOHN KEENE;      Hardcover; Human & Rousseau ; 1995;    ISBN 0 7981 3388 0 ; No. of Pages; 208  For more information on John Keene see; http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol153jk.html Note Chapter on The South African Naval Forces at War  and also; South Africans on Foreign service including South Africans in the Royal Air Force. Condition; very good; no tears , no inscriptions, very clean, ; NB Note; Some browning on the paper of the title page only . For postage via SA Post Office and within SA   Preferably  via POSTNET to Postnet for a parcel of up to 5kg (addit. books maybe included) then please add R100.00. Alternatively via SAPO  (with a tracking no.) then please add R60.00. (please add under Option 1) Also available is PAXI  which is Pep Stores to your closest Pep Stores ; ADD R55.00 delivery around 9 days. Add under Option 1 and use Notes to state via Pep Stores .   Buyers from outside of SA can contact me for a postal quote.    

This is the story of South African soldiers during the 1916 Somme offensive, which took place between the Allied forces and the Germans along the Somme River in France and was one of the bloodiest conflicts of the First World War, resulting in over a million deaths in six months. In July 1916, the men of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade were involved in recapturing the village of Lingueval and clearing Delville Wood of enemy soldiers, but they suffered extreme casualties. After six days of fighting, of the Brigade's 3433 soldiers, only 750 were left standing. The rest were dead or wounded. This book tells the stories of the men of the Brigade via their letters, diaries, and interviews that the author conducted with survivors many years ago. Not much has been written about South Africans during World War I. Surprisingly, it is a relatively untapped period of military history. This fascinating new book covers the iconic battle of Delville Wood, the most famous event involving South Africans during the war. Paperback, 280 pages Published August 2014

  A Military History of Modern South Africa - Ian van der Waag - Jonathan Ball - 2015 - 388pp,  black and white photographs - Paperback. The 20th Century has been one of enduring, rapid and fundamental social and political change. In Southern Africa, innumerable wars, rebellions, uprisings and protests have marked the integration, disintegration and then reintegration of both society and subcontinent during this period. The century started with a brief but total war. Less than ten years later victorious Britain brought the conquered Boer republics, and the Cape and Natal colonies, together into the Union of South Africa. And the military of this early creation served not only in all of the major wars of the twentieth century, but also in a number of regional struggles: rebellion on the part of Afrikaner nationalists, industrial unrest fanned by syndicalists, and uprisings conducted chiefly but not exclusively by disenfranchised black South Africans. The century ended as it started, with a war. But this was a limited war, a flashpoint of the Cold War, which embraced more than just the subcontinent and lasted a long, twenty-three years.     The first of its kind, A Military History of Modern South Africa provides an overview of South African military history from 1899 to 2000. Focusing on the campaigns and battles, it also brings discussion on the evolving military policy and the development of the South African military as an institution into a single volume.

A Military History of Modern South Africa by Ian van der Waag The 20th Century has been one of enduring, rapid and fundamental social and political change. In Southern Africa, innumerable wars, rebellions, uprisings and protests have marked the integration, disintegration and then reintegration of both society and subcontinent during this period. The century started with a brief but total war. Less than ten years later victorious Britain brought the conquered Boer republics, and the Cape and Natal colonies, together into the Union of South Africa. And the military of this early creation served not only in all of the major wars of the twentieth century, but also in a number of regional struggles: rebellion on the part of Afrikaner nationalists, industrial unrest fanned by syndicalists, and uprisings conducted chiefly but not exclusively by disenfranchised black South Africans. The century ended as it started, with a war. But this was a limited war, a flashpoint of the Cold War, which embraced more than just the subcontinent and lasted a long, twenty-three years. The first of its kind, A Military History of Modern South Africa provides an overview of South African military history from 1899 to 2000. Focusing on the campaigns and battles, it also brings discussion on the evolving military policy and the development of the South African military as an institution into a single volume.

The 20th Century has been one of enduring, rapid and fundamental social and political change. In Southern Africa, innumerable wars, rebellions, uprisings and protests have marked the integration, disintegration and then reintegration of both society and subcontinent during this period. The century started with a brief but total war. Less than ten years later victorious Britain brought the conquered Boer republics, and the Cape and Natal colonies, together into the Union of South Africa. And the military of this early creation served not only in all of the major wars of the twentieth century, but also in a number of regional struggles: rebellion on the part of Afrikaner nationalists, industrial unrest fanned by syndicalist, and uprisings conducted chiefly but not exclusively by disenfranchised black South Africans. The century ended as it started, with a war. But this was a limited war, a flashpoint of the Cold War, which embraced more than just the subcontinent and lasted a long, twenty-three years. The first of its kind, A Military History of Modern South Africa provides an overview of South African military history from 1899 to 2000. Focusing on the campaigns and battles, it also brings discussion on the evolving military policy and the development of the South African military as an institution into a single volume. Paperback, 400 pages About the Author: Ian van der Waag is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Military History in the Faculty of Military Sciences, Stellenbosch University. A transnational historian, he has published extensively on imperial and colonial defence, South Africas wars of the twentieth century, and the mutual, reciprocal impacts between war and South African society.

1991. Hard cover, 374 pages. Very good condition. Under 1kg. In this book James Ambrose Brown does more than write a campaign history: he draws the reader into the emotional and national frenzy of colonial politics in German East Africa during the 1916 - 1918 campaign and the annexations of African territories that preceded it. This sets the stage for the narrative that chronicles the major role that South Africa played in this war in tropical Africa. It was a campaign in Tanganyika remarkable for the suffering, hardships and stubborn courage on both sides. This story of human endurance is presented with the freshness of personally recorded experiences of officers and men who fought in what is now called Tanzania, and tells for the first time the important function that South African volunteers played under the command of General Jan Smuts. 

1991. Hard cover, 374 pages. Very good condition. Selotape marks in front and back. Under 1kg. In this book James Ambrose Brown does more than write a campaign history: he draws the reader into the emotional and national frenzy of colonial politics in German East Africa during the 1916 - 1918 campaign and the annexations of African territories that preceded it. This sets the stage for the narrative that chronicles the major role that South Africa played in this war in tropical Africa. It was a campaign in Tanganyika remarkable for the suffering, hardships and stubborn courage on both sides. This story of human endurance is presented with the freshness of personally recorded experiences of officers and men who fought in what is now called Tanzania, and tells for the first time the important function that South African volunteers played under the command of General Jan Smuts. 

Published in 1939 as an official history of South African involvement in World War I, this volume covers operations from February 1916 to January 1917. There are chapters on the situation prior to the arrival of General Smuts, the occupation of the Kilimanjaro area, operations of the 1st Division in a number of battles and operations of General Van Deventer. German reponses are shown throughout. The book ends with conclusions on the entire campaign. Hardcover. English. 1939. 850. ISBN: 0. 299 pp with twenty-two fold-out maps with spot colour. Good condition in original geen cloth with some bumping to corners and foxing on end papers. Book No: 2002335

1973 first edition hardcover with 396 pages in good condition. A previous price in ink in front. R50 postage in SA. Chapters on: Indian Mutiny, Frontier War 1877, Zulu War, Moirosi War, Basuto war, Transvaal War of Independence, Matabele Rebellion, Mashonaland uprising, Anglo-Boer War, WW1, WW2. "After fifteen years of research the author has collected the biographic details of all the Southern African V.C. heroes, not only those serving in South African or Rhodesian units, but also those South Africans who served in other Commonwealth forces and who received the supreme award for gallantry. From the massacre which spurred a South African on to win the V.C. during the Indian Mutiny of 1857, to the heroic self-sacrifice of South Africa's "Pathfinder" pilot over Germany in 1945, the story surrounding every Victoria Cross award is told. In addition the campaigns in which the awards were won are described and the later lives of the recipients detailed"

1973 first edition hardcover with 396 pages in good condition. A previous price in ink in front. R60 postage in SA. Chapters on: Indian Mutiny, Frontier War 1877, Zulu War, Moirosi War, Basuto war, Transvaal War of Independence, Matabele Rebellion, Mashonaland uprising, Anglo-Boer War, WW1, WW2. "After fifteen years of research the author has collected the biographic details of all the Southern African V.C. heroes, not only those serving in South African or Rhodesian units, but also those South Africans who served in other Commonwealth forces and who received the supreme award for gallantry. From the massacre which spurred a South African on to win the V.C. during the Indian Mutiny of 1857, to the heroic self-sacrifice of South Africa's "Pathfinder" pilot over Germany in 1945, the story surrounding every Victoria Cross award is told. In addition the campaigns in which the awards were won are described and the later lives of the recipients detailed"

The Hidden Thread is a journey of revelation about the relationship between Soviet Russia and South Africa, hidden for most of its length. The story is told with insight and depth by Irina Filatova and Apollon Davidson, who have had a decades long association researching and writing on Russian and South African politics and history. This insightful work follows the often surprising twists and turns of the history of South Africas relationship with Russia and its people which started in the eighteenth century and is still very much alive today. The story evolves from the Russian volunteers who fought alongside the Boers in the Anglo-Boer War to South Africans who participated in the Russian revolution and civil war; from the Russian Jewish immigration to South Africa to the close involvement of the South African communists in the Communist International; from the Soviet consulates in South Africa and the activities of South Africas Friends of the Soviet Union Society during the Second World War to the vicissitudes of the Cold War and the hot war in Angola; from the SACP and ANCs relations with the USSR to the volte-face of perestroika and South Africas transition and to todays business, political, cultural and sometimes criminal connections between Russians and South Africans. Paperback, 568 pages Published March 2013

JUST RELEASED BY THE S A MINT BE THE FIRST TO GET IT AT THE S A MINT  PRICE Brand New Release SA25 R50 Bronze Coin ‘We the people of South Africa’  is the theme for the R50 bronze alloy coin, and these words feature prominently on the reverse of the coin by designer Peter Mammes. The line is the preamble of the Constitution of South Africa. The two joined hands symbolising togetherness also depict people, ethnicity and religion. The detail in the pattern of the crosses draws attention to the ‘mark’ that voters make on the ballot paper. Both the R50 sterling-silver and the R50 bronze alloy coins share a common obverse: the national coat of arms together with the date of issue, ‘2019’, and the words ‘South Africa’ written in all of the official languages. The bronze alloy and silver coins are now available and can be purchased at SA Mint’s retail store in Centurion or through the various mall activations that the SA Mint will host throughout the country. “The SA Mint is proud to continue in its long-standing tradition of crafting coins which South Africans can treasure. The new collectable coins demonstrate our roots in the past, and we are confident that they will serve to encourage all South Africans to work towards contributing to brighter chapters in our country’s history book,”  says Tsehlo.  “These collectable coins will serve as a tangible and visible reminder to all South Africans of our hard-fought freedom and our constitutional legacy.” Durban-based Garth Walker designed the font which appears on all the coins in the series. He combined all the documented lettering, redrawing it as a unicase family. The original letterforms, within reason, accurately reflect apartheid-era prisoner hand-lettering, graffiti, and prison authority signage. Over time, the font came to be referred to as  ‘the face of a nation’. It was first used by the Constitutional Court on the outside of the actual building and subsequently across a wide variety of applications.

The Covert War - Peter Stiff - Galago - 2004 - Hard cover with dust cover in good, clean and tight condition.   This is the detailed history of the elite policing unit operated by the South African forces on its Namibian border during the 1980s. In 1978, the counter insurgency war on the Angolan/SWA Namibian border was going badly for the South Africans. SWAPO was gaining the upper hand, so the South Africans decided to organise an elite commando-security unit based on the famed Rhodesian Selous Scouts. The unit was handed the Top Secret Project Koevoet ("crowbar") to provide operational intelligence by capturing & interrogating insurgents, but its commander came to realise that Namibia was different to the Rhodesian situation. So, the team reverted to basic police work, building informer networks, recruiting black police officers and skilled trackers. In its ten year existence, Koevoet fought in 1,615 encounters and took 3,225 prisoners - the equivalent of almost six battalions of troops. But, after heroically repelling SWAPO's invasion of Namibia in April 1989 (under direct authority from the United Nations) the unit was ignominiously disbanded and its black members disgracefully abandoned to take their chances at the hands of their former SWAPO enemies.  

The climactic death-throes of Soviet Communism during the 1980's included a last-gasp attempt at strategic franchise expansion in Southern Africa. Channelled through Castro's Cuba, oil-rich Angolan armed forces (FAPLA) received billions of dollars of advanced weaponry including MiG 23 and Sukhoi fighter jets, SAM 8 missile systems and thousands of armoured vehicles. Their   intent - to eradicate the US-backed Angolan opposition (UNITA), then push southwards into South Africa's protectorate SWA/Namibia, ostensibly as liberators. 1985 saw the first large-scale mechanized offensive in Southern African history. Russian Generals planned and oversaw the offensive but without properly accounting for the tenacity of UNITA (supported by the South African Defence Forces - SADF) or the treacherous terrain typical in the rainy season. The '85 offensive floundered in the mud and FAPLA returned to their capital Luanda. The South Africans stood down, confident their 'covert' support for UNITA had demonstrated the folly of prosecuting war so far from home against Africa's military Superpower. The South Africans were mistaken. Fidel and FAPLA immediately redoubled their efforts, strengthening fifteen battalions with even more Soviet hardware while Russian and Cuban specialists oversaw troop training. As Cuban and Angola fighter pilots honed their skills over the skies of Northern Angola, David Mannall, a normal 17-year old kid completing High School, was preparing for two years of compulsory military service before beginning Tertiary education. Through a series of fateful twists he found himself leading soldiers in a number of full-scale armoured clashes including the largest and most decisive battle on African soil since World War II. This is the David and Goliath story that, due to seismic political changes in the region, has never been truthfully told. The author lifts the hatch on his story of how Charlie Squadron, comprising just twelve 90mm AFVs crewed by 36 national servicemen, as part of the elite 61 Mechanised Battalion, engaged and effectively annihilated the giant FAPLA 47th Armoured Brigade in one day - 3 October 1987. Their 90mm cannons were never designed as tank-killers but any assurances that it would never be used against heavy armour were left in the classroom during the three-month operation and never more starkly than the decisive 'Battle on The Lomba River'. The Communist-backed offensive died that day along with hundreds of opposition fighters. 47th Brigade survivors abandoned their remaining equipment, fleeing north across the Lomba, eventually joining the 59th Brigade in what became a full-scale retreat of over ten thousand soldiers to Cuito Cuanavale. The myth perpetuated by post-apartheid politicians goes something like this "The SADF force that destroyed 47th Brigade on 3 October numbered 6,000 men and that all the hard yards were run by the long suffering UNITA!" The inconvenient truth is that there were just 36 South African boys on the front-line that day, but it is also true to say they would never have achieved such a stunning victory without the support of many more. This is their story. Paperback, 192 pages First Published October 2014, Second Revised Edition May 2015        

The climactic death-throes of Soviet Communism during the 1980's included a last-gasp attempt at strategic franchise expansion in Southern Africa. Channelled through Castro's Cuba, oil-rich Angolan armed forces (FAPLA) received billions of dollars of advanced weaponry including MiG 23 and Sukhoi fighter jets, SAM 8 missile systems and thousands of armoured vehicles. Their   intent - to eradicate the US-backed Angolan opposition (UNITA), then push southwards into South Africa's protectorate SWA/Namibia, ostensibly as liberators. 1985 saw the first large-scale mechanized offensive in Southern African history. Russian Generals planned and oversaw the offensive but without properly accounting for the tenacity of UNITA (supported by the South African Defence Forces - SADF) or the treacherous terrain typical in the rainy season. The '85 offensive floundered in the mud and FAPLA returned to their capital Luanda. The South Africans stood down, confident their 'covert' support for UNITA had demonstrated the folly of prosecuting war so far from home against Africa's military Superpower. The South Africans were mistaken. Fidel and FAPLA immediately redoubled their efforts, strengthening fifteen battalions with even more Soviet hardware while Russian and Cuban specialists oversaw troop training. As Cuban and Angola fighter pilots honed their skills over the skies of Northern Angola, David Mannall, a normal 17-year old kid completing High School, was preparing for two years of compulsory military service before beginning Tertiary education. Through a series of fateful twists he found himself leading soldiers in a number of full-scale armoured clashes including the largest and most decisive battle on African soil since World War II. This is the David and Goliath story that, due to seismic political changes in the region, has never been truthfully told. The author lifts the hatch on his story of how Charlie Squadron, comprising just twelve 90mm AFVs crewed by 36 national servicemen, as part of the elite 61 Mechanised Battalion, engaged and effectively annihilated the giant FAPLA 47th Armoured Brigade in one day - 3 October 1987. Their 90mm cannons were never designed as tank-killers but any assurances that it would never be used against heavy armour were left in the classroom during the three-month operation and never more starkly than the decisive 'Battle on The Lomba River'. The Communist-backed offensive died that day along with hundreds of opposition fighters. 47th Brigade survivors abandoned their remaining equipment, fleeing north across the Lomba, eventually joining the 59th Brigade in what became a full-scale retreat of over ten thousand soldiers to Cuito Cuanavale. The myth perpetuated by post-apartheid politicians goes something like this "The SADF force that destroyed 47th Brigade on 3 October numbered 6,000 men and that all the hard yards were run by the long suffering UNITA!" The inconvenient truth is that there were just 36 South African boys on the front-line that day, but it is also true to say they would never have achieved such a stunning victory without the support of many more. This is their story. Paperback, 284 pages First Published October 2014, Second Revised Edition May 2015   

The Soldiers   Author: Willem Steenkamp Publisher: Don Nelson, Cape Town     Edition: First Edition 1978 ISBN:   0 909238 34 0 Condition: Good. Library copy. Reflects library stamps and tags, Wear & tear to dustcover, otherwise a clean copy with tight binding Binding: Hardcover Pages: 144. Various black & white photographs and maps     Additional Information South Africans are a warlike breed, although not militaristic by nature. therefore it’s hardly surprising that in its troubled history, this country and its territories which became part of it, have produced generation after generation of daring generals. Some of them, like Louis Botha and Jan Christian Smuts, went onto greater fame as statesmen; others were fighting men pure and simple.   The Soldiers presents six of the warriors, two fro each of the great wars vin which South Africans fought between 1899 and 19454. Tro a remarkable degree their stories are intertwined; sometimes they fought against each other; at other times one would be a young soldier serving under a great general, not knowing that in later years he in turn would at the lonely pinnacle of a supreme leadership in the filed   Please note that we refer the right to close our auctions at any time Please refer to all images for condition, as this form an integral part of the description Payment to be processed within 2 days of auction closing Item will be posted on the first Saturday following receipt of payment. We are not responsible for damages to or loss of items once posted The item is second hand and sold as such with no warranty or guarantee implied, expressed or given. Regretfully, no buyers from outside the borders of South Africa

This is the story of Comrade September, a member of the ANC and its military wing, MK. He was abducted from his hideout in Swaziland by an apartheid death squad in August 1986 and taken across the border to South Africa, where his interrogation and torture began. It was not long before September began telling his captors about his comrades in the ANC. By talking under torture, September underwent changes that marked him for the rest of his life: from resister to collaborator, insurgent to counter-insurgent, revolutionary to counter-revolutionary and, to his former comrades, hero to traitor. This book is about these changes and about the larger, neglected story of betrayal and collaboration in the struggle against apartheid. It seeks to understand why September made the choices he didcollaborating with his captors, turning against the ANC, and then hunting down his comradeswithout excusing those choices. Looking beyond the black and white that still dominates South Africa’s political canvas, the book examines the grey zones in which South Africans, combatants and noncombatant, lived. It seeks to contribute to scholarly attempts to elaborate a denser, richer and more nuanced account of South Africa’s modern political history. It does so by examining the history of political violence in South Africa; by looking at the workings of an apartheid death squad in an attempt to understand how the apartheid bureaucracy worked; and, more importantly, by studying the social, moral and political universe in which apartheid collaborators like September lived and worked. Paperback, 320 pages About the Author Jacob Dlamini is at present a Visiting Fellow at Harvard University and a Research Associate at the Society, Work and Development Institute (SWOP), University of the Witwatersrand. He holds a PhD from Yale University. Previously he worked as a journalist and was at one time the political editor of Business Day. His book Native Nostalgia (Jacana, 2009), about growing up in the township of Katlehong on the Witwatersrand, has won great acclaim.

The 1st Battalion, The Rhodesian Light Infantry, was one of the most innovative and successful counter-insurgency units in modern history. Formed as a commando battalion in 1964 after the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the RLI was an all-white unit made up of South Africans and men from the UK, Europe and US. It was a key weapon in independent Rhodesia's struggle against the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army during the bloody Rhodesian Bush War. This comprehensive study explores the unit's dramatic history, revealing the RLI's fearsome airborne and combat capacity, which gave the unit, at times, near total tactical superiority against its opponents. Publication Date: 20 Nov 2015, 64 pages  

THE MOOD OF A NATION An entertaining and very detailed history of South Africa's "Home Front" during the Second World War, collected and written by Jennifer Crwys-Williams. First edition hardcover published in 1992, part 10 of Ashanti's "South Africans at war" series and definately one of the less common editions. In very good condition with dust jacket, (spine slightly sun faded) and profusely illustrated with photographs. A must-read for anyone interested in local history. Tracked postage is R45.00.  

This is the story of Comrade September, a member of the ANC and its military wing, MK. He was abducted from his hideout in Swaziland by an apartheid death squad in August 1986 and taken across the border to South Africa, where his interrogation and torture began. It was not long before September began telling his captors about his comrades in the ANC. By talking under torture, September underwent changes that marked him for the rest of his life: from resister to collaborator, insurgent to counter-insurgent, revolutionary to counter-revolutionary and, to his former comrades, hero to traitor. This book is about these changes and about the larger, neglected story of betrayal and collaboration in the struggle against apartheid. It seeks to understand why September made the choices he didcollaborating with his captors, turning against the ANC, and then hunting down his comradeswithout excusing those choices. Looking beyond the black and white that still dominates South Africas political canvas, the book examines the grey zones in which South Africans, combatants and noncombatant, lived. It seeks to contribute to scholarly attempts to elaborate a denser, richer and more nuanced account of South Africas modern political history. It does so by examining the history of political violence in South Africa; by looking at the workings of an apartheid death squad in an attempt to understand how the apartheid bureaucracy worked; and, more importantly, by studying the social, moral and political universe in which apartheid collaborators like September lived and worked. Paperback, 320 pages About the Author Jacob Dlamini is at present a Visiting Fellow at Harvard University and a Research Associate at the Society, Work and Development Institute (SWOP), University of the Witwatersrand. He holds a PhD from Yale University. Previously he worked as a journalist and was at one time the political editor of Business Day. His book Native Nostalgia (Jacana, 2009), about growing up in the township of Katlehong on the Witwatersrand, has won great acclaim.